Association between knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19 among Kabwe residents in Central Province, Zambia

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, posed major global health challenges, including in Zambia. Transmission primarily occurred through respiratory droplets, with additional risks from contaminated surfaces and possible fecal-oral routes. With an incubation period of 2–14 days, diverse containment strategies were implemented. In Zambia, the Ministry of Health launched extensive public health campaigns promoting hand hygiene, mask use, physical distancing, and vaccination. Despite these efforts, variations in public response and adherence to preventive measures were observed across different regions, Kabwe District inclusive. This study examined the association between knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19 among Kabwe residents. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in Kabwe’s Central Business District, purposefully selected due to its population density and public activity which was advantageous for accessing a diverse range of participants in a short period. Convenience sampling was employed to recruit participants who were readily available and willing to participate at the time of data collection, this approach was used to maximize participation in a busy urban setting while acknowledging limitations of non-probability sampling. The sample size was 384. Participants aged 18 years and above were recruited through convenience sampling. Data were collected via semi-structured questionnaires following informed consent.  Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 was used for analysis. Chi-square tests assessed associations, and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of knowledge and perception. The study found that 87% of respondents had substantial knowledge of COVID-19, though 13% held misconceptions. Education level significantly predicted knowledge, with 91% of higher educated individuals demonstrating correct understanding compared to 61% of those with lower education (p = 0.044). Place of residence also influenced knowledge (p = 0.003). However, 89% of respondents exhibited poor perception of COVID-19, indicating limited recognition of the serious of COVID-19. Significant associations were found between perception and age (p = 0.0009), education (p=0.001), and employment (p = 0.001), Knowledge level was significantly associated with perception (p = 0.001). Despite high awareness, persistent misconceptions necessitate targeted health education and demographic specific strategies such as youth focused peer education and elderly centered counseling to promote accurate perceptions and improve compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures.