The unitarism-decentralisation paradox: successes and challenges of decentralisation in Zambia from 1964 to date

Abstract

This paper critically examines how the unitarism-decentralisation paradox has influenced the implementation of decentralisation in Zambia from 1964 to the present. The study is based on secondary research, drawing insights from scholarly literature, including journal articles, books, and research reports. Findings indicate that Zambia’s legal framework creates a contradiction on one hand, it defines the country as a unitary state, while on the other, it promotes a devolved governance system. This duality has led to persistent challenges in implementing decentralisation over the years.The 2016 Constitutional Amendment Act reinforces Zambia’s status as a sovereign, multi-party, and democratic state, maintaining a centralised governance structure. However, Article 147 of the same constitution outlines provisions for a devolved system, enabling local governments to manage political, social, legal, and economic affairs. This contradiction has hindered the effectiveness of decentralisation efforts, preventing local authorities from fully exercising their intended powers. To address this issue, the study recommends transitioning towards a quasi-federal system, where sub-national governments are granted greater autonomy to effectively carry out devolved functions.